The dried stem bark of Nigerian Cleistopholis patens (often called Apako in Yoruba or Ojo in Igbo) is highly valued in West African traditional medicine. The dried bark is typically decocted or powdered and used to treat typhoid fever, malaria, rheumatism, menstrual irregularities, and various stomach disorders. 

Scientific analyses of this plant part highlight its medicinal and practical applications: 

Traditional & Medicinal Uses

Typhoid & Infections: The stem bark is a primary ingredient in traditional medicines (like the popular Ogwu Odenigbo) used to treat typhoid fever, diarrhea, and infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

Anti-Arthritic Properties: Studies have shown that both ethanol and aqueous extracts of the stem bark exhibit strong anti-inflammatory properties, significantly reducing paw swelling and inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1 

 and TNF-

) in subjects with induced rheumatoid arthritis. 

Phytochemical Composition

Phytochemical screening of the stem bark reveals a rich variety of active secondary metabolites, which explain its therapeutic uses:

Alkaloids & Steroids: Known for their potent antimicrobial and anti-fungal properties.

Sesquiterpenoids: The essential oils extracted from the stem bark are heavily dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, such as 

-cadinene and 

-copaene, which contribute to its anti-plasmodial (anti-malarial) and antibacterial effects.

Agricultural & Pest Control

Beyond human medicine, the dried stem bark of Cleistopholis patens is utilized as a natural botanical pesticide. When pulverized and used on stored grains like maize and rice, it acts as a contact and fumigant insecticide, significantly reducing the survival and egg hatchability of stored-product pests like the Indian meal moth.